2016年 · 第10卷第06期

Hearing loss and deafness are major public health problems facing the world, and are the most widespread sensory organ disabilities in the world. With the extensive development of health examination in China, hearing screening has been included in the catalogue of health examination items. Now it is urgent to adopt unified and standardized technical standards to carry out hearing screening in national health examination centers. To this end, the Health Management Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Health Management organized repeated discussions by relevant scholars and experts, and revised the draft several times, forming the "Expert Consensus on Hearing Screening of Chinese Physical Examination Population". This consensus systematically introduces the etiology and risk factors of hearing loss, describes the methods and procedures of physical examination hearing screening, and gives screening suggestions for different screening results. This consensus provides guidance for steadily and orderly hearing screening using air conduction pure tone screening audiometry in the physical examination population. It is important for early screening, early diagnosis and timely intervention to treat patients with hearing impairment.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in March 2013 that 360 million people worldwide have hearing disabilities, accounting for 5.3 percent of the global population, 91 percent of which are adults and the other 9 percent are children^[1]； About 1/3 of the elderly over 65 years old have hearing disabilities^[2]。 Eighty percent of people with hearing loss live in middle and low-income countries. 1.1 billion young people worldwide are at risk of hearing loss caused by unsafe ear use habits. From 2005 to 2006, Chinese scholars conducted standardized surveys in Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guizhou and Jilin, China, using the WHO survey scheme, and estimated that the prevalence of hearing loss in China was 11.7%, among which the prevalence of hearing disability was 4.4%^[3]。 According to the data of the 2nd National Disabled Persons Sampling Survey in 2006, there are 2.04 million cases of hearing disability in China^[4], ranking first among all kinds of disabilities. Data show that the prevalence of hearing loss among the elderly over 60 years old in China is as high as 64.7%, of which 34.1% are hearing impaired^[5]。 The incidence of hearing loss in newborns is 0.1% ~0.3%^[6]That is to say, at least 20,000 newborns with hearing loss are added in China every year. In 1998, the Chinese government issued a document designating March 3 as the National Ear Care Day. In 2012, WHO designated China's National Ear Care Day as International Ear Care Day (IECD), and in 2015, it was officially renamed World Hearing Day (WHD).

Hearing loss and deafness are major public health problems facing the world. They are the most widespread sensory organ disabilities in the world, and their negative effects rank at the top of the global burden of disease rankings^[1,2,3]。 Hearing loss is also an unnoticed and easily neglected "invisible disability", and its incidence is increasing with the aging of the population, occupational noise pollution, unhealthy lifestyle and other factors. The key to reducing the harm of hearing loss is to implement the "early detection and effective intervention measures at the level of basic health care" advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO), so as to effectively protect the hearing of people in all countries, reduce the cost of deaf treatment in the future, and greatly reduce the socio-economic burden.

Statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that there are now more than 300 million smokers in China, and the smoking rate among men is as high as 52.9%. 740 million non-smokers are exposed to second-hand smoke, of which 180 million are teenagers. The number of deaths caused by smoking in the world is as high as 6 million every year, and the annual death number of non-smokers caused by second-hand smoke exposure is about 600,000, resulting in a huge burden of disease and economic burden^[1]。 Yunnan Province is the largest province in tobacco planting, production, processing, sales and consumption in China. Tobacco has an important impact on Yunnan's economic development. In 2010, there were 11.97 million smokers in Yunnan Province (the smoking rate was about 26.0%), and more than 9.45 million people suffered from passive smoking (the passive smoking rate was about 20.5%). In 2012, the smoking rate of key populations (civil servants, doctors and teachers) in Yunnan Province was 19.60%^[2]。

To reduce the health problems and social burden caused by the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, the World Health Organization recommends reducing the intake of animal fat, sugar and salt^[1]While the intake of sodium ions in salt is closely related to hypertension^[2]For this reason, Xicheng District has been promoting low-salt diet in the community, but the knowledge, attitude and behavior of low-salt diet of community residents are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted a survey among community residents to understand the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of low-salt diet, so as to provide the basis for formulating comprehensive intervention measures of low-salt diet in the future.

With the development of China's economy, the improvement of people's living standard and the change of dietary structure, the incidence of hyperuricemia is increasing year by year, and it begins to become younger. Most children with hyperuricemia are asymptomatic, but they can gradually develop into gout, uric acid nephropathy, kidney stones, uremia, etc. If not prevented and controlled early, it will affect the children's quality of life in the future. At present, the understanding of hyperuricemia among pediatric clinicians in China is still insufficient, which needs to be paid attention by doctors, parents and society. This study investigated the detection rate of hyperuricemia and its related factors in 808 children aged 10-11 years in our district.

Professional emotion refers to people's stable attitude and positive experience towards their profession. Professional emotion has three characteristics, which are not only a simplified subjective experience, an externalized emotional expression, but also an introspective mood^[1]。 Nursing students are the future of clinical nursing, and the quality of learning and internship of nursing interns (hereinafter referred to as: nursing students) plays a crucial role in the development of the whole nursing career. Nursing students are a special group. They have entered the transition period from classroom theoretical knowledge learning to clinical work. In clinical internship time is short, they simply focus on learning, and do not need to take charge of patients. The exhaustion of professional emotion is the main reason that directly leads to the burnout of prospective nurses in the future. In recent years, there are many researches on nurses' burnout, and some achievements have been made, but there are relatively few researches on the changes of occupational emotion during nursing students' clinical practice. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the changes of occupational emotion of nursing students before and after practice, so as to provide a basis for the improvement of clinical teaching, so as to take effective intervention measures to protect the physical and mental health of nursing students, improve the quality of practice, and stabilize the future nursing team.

Work-family conflicts include work interference with family and family interference with work^[1]。 It not only reduces employee job satisfaction and job performance^[2,3]That makes them burn out^[4]And willingness to separate^[5]And seriously threaten their physical and mental health^[6,7]。 Nurses suffer from more intense work-family conflicts than other professions. Therefore, how to alleviate the conflict between nurses' work and family and improve the quality of life has become an urgent problem for nursing managers. According to social support theory, social support from family and organization can provide resources for employees to cope with work-family conflicts^[8]。 As an organizational support, family-supportive supervisory behavior involves how supervisors help employees find a balance between work and family roles^[9]It can alleviate work-family conflicts, improve work commitment and increase subjective well-being^[10]。 This study explores the relationship between family supportive supervisors' behavior, work-family conflict and nurses' quality of life, and provides theoretical basis and practical reference for nursing managers to improve their management style and nurses' quality of life.

Bipolar disorder refers to a type of mood disorder with both manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes that meet the diagnostic criteria of symptomatology. Compared with depression, bipolar disorder has an earlier onset, a higher genetic risk (8 to 18 times higher than that of the control population), more complex clinical manifestations, more difficult treatment, worse prognosis, and a greater risk of suicide. At least 10% of patients with confirmed depression will change their diagnosis to bipolar disorder as the disease progresses due to manic or hypomanic episodes. The study found that 35% of patients with depressive episodes treated with antidepressants converted phases during treatment, thus increasing the prevalence of bipolar disorder. Since genetics is the most important risk factor for bipolar disorder, in addition to striving to achieve the overall goal of treatment consistent with depression, the treatment of bipolar disorder should emphasize the principle of long-term drug treatment. Among them, the follow-up evaluation of patients by community prevention doctors (including recurrent aura symptoms, risk of impulsive aggression and drug side effects, etc.) is particularly important. Once major disease fluctuations are found, patients should be referred to psychiatric hospitals in time.

Over the past ten years, health management has flourished in China. At the same time, a large number of health management (physical examination) institutions continued to grow and expand with the development of the industry. Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Development of Health Service Industry^[1]The release of the health management industry marks that the health management industry has entered a new period of development opportunities. In the new era, how to do a good job in the construction of health management (physical examination) institutions, maintain their sustainable development, and continue to share the dividends brought by the development of the industry is worth thinking about by colleagues in health management (physical examination) institutions.

Nowadays, the issue of patient safety has attracted great attention from the World Health Organization and the medical circles of various countries, and it has become one of the most important issues in hospital management^[1]。 Patient safety in China is also facing many challenges. Many unsafe incidents have caused various problems and even life-threatening to patients, among which falls are especially common. "Reducing the risk of injury caused by falls" is the ninth goal of the patient safety year from 2006 to 2008^[2]It is the sixth goal of International Patient Safety of the International Federation for Medical Evaluation^[3]It is also the seventh goal in the "2007 Patient Safety Goals" proposed by China Hospital Association. Preventing patient falls is an important element of patient safety management. Patient falls are the most common accidents in hospitals. About 5% of falls will cause bone fracture, and more than 10% of falls will cause brain injury, soft tissue injury or dislocation^[4]。 Injuries after falling often lead to many undesirable comorbidities, resulting in the limitation of patients' mobility after discharge, prolonging the length of hospitalization, increasing medical expenses and causing medical disputes, etc. At present, many countries in the world have regarded the incidence of falling in hospitalized patients as an index of clinical care quality control^[5]To reduce the risk and degree of injury caused by falls.

In the golden autumn of September, the 10th China Health Service Industry Conference and the 8th National Health Management Academic Conference of Chinese Medical Association, sponsored by Chinese Medical Association and Health Management Branch of Chinese Medical Association, undertaken by Shaanxi Medical Association and Health Management Branch of Shaanxi Medical Association, and co-organized by China Health Promotion Foundation and Chinese Journal of Health Management, were successfully held in the ancient city of Xi' an from September 16 to 18. Closely focusing on the theme of "Innovation Drives Development, Health Forms the Future", this conference reviewed the ten-year history of China's health management, especially summarized the innovative development and great progress made in health management disciplines and related industries in the past three years. The "13th Five-Year Plan" Chinese health management academic development plan is put forward, which fully embodies the development concept of "opening, inclusive, innovation-led" and the tenet of "serving the overall situation, serving the society, serving the people, serving innovation and serving the industry". The conference called on health management experts and practitioners across the country to join hands, actively participate in the construction of a healthy China, make continuous progress, and write a new chapter of health management in China.