2015年 · 第09卷第04期

The prevalence of hypertension in China continues to rise. In 2012, the prevalence of hypertension among people over 15 years old in China was 24%. It is estimated that there are about 270 million hypertensive patients in China. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and at least half of the 3.5 million people who die from cardiovascular disease in China every year are related to hypertension. Every year, the number of premature deaths caused by hypertension is as high as 2 million, and hypertension accounts for 60% of the causes of labor loss. The annual medical expenses for hypertension reach more than 30 billion yuan, causing heavy diseases and economic burden to the country, society and families^[1]。 In recent years, although the awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate of hypertension patients in China have improved, they are still at a low level, below 50%, 40% and 10% respectively^[2]。 With the increase of population, the acceleration of aging process and the prevalence of bad lifestyle, the level of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight and obesity in China will continue to rise, and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases will continue to increase. The situation of cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment in China is extremely severe. If it is not effectively controlled, it will inevitably lead to a more serious disease burden and the decline of population health quality.

Worldwide, lung cancer is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors. According to the latest data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Global Cancer Epidemiological Statistics 2012 (GLOBOCAN 2012), the number of lung cancer deaths worldwide in 2012 was about 1.6 million, accounting for 19.4% of all malignant tumor deaths^[1]。 In China, according to the third national retrospective sampling survey report, the death rate of lung cancer in China has increased by 465% in the past 30 years, and both urban and rural areas have jumped to the first place in malignant tumor deaths^[2]。 Although some progress has been made in the field of lung cancer treatment in recent years, the prognosis of lung cancer has not improved significantly. At present, the total 5-year survival rate is only 16% ~18%^[3,4]。 It is well known that the prognosis of lung cancer will improve significantly if surgical resection can be performed at an early stage, especially in stage I. Therefore, for many years, some medical and public health institutions at home and abroad have been committed to achieving early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer through screening and ultimately reducing mortality. Chest X-ray screening studies (alone or in combination with sputum cytology) that began in the 1950s have so far failed to achieve the desired results^[5]Although chest X-ray can detect more lung cancer and improve the surgical resection rate, it cannot reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer, so chest X-ray is not recommended as a tool for lung cancer screening at present. Since 1990s, with the development of chest low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) technology, Japan, the United States and some countries in Europe have successively launched LDCT lung cancer screening research projects, marking that lung cancer screening research has entered the LDCT era. Although there are still some problems in LDCT lung cancer screening at present, it has been recognized internationally for its role in high-risk lung cancer groups.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with the characteristics of airflow restriction. The airflow restriction is incompletely reversible and progressive. It is related to the abnormal inflammatory response of airway and lung tissue to toxic gases and particles. Acute exacerbation and complications often accompany the course of the disease, affecting the overall severity of the disease^[1]。 A cross-sectional survey of COPD prevalence conducted from 2002 to 2004 showed that the prevalence of COPD among Chinese adults over 40 years of age was 8.2%, which estimated that the number of COPD patients had exceeded 43 million^[2]。 WHO data show that the mortality rate of COPD in China is the highest among all countries, and the latest data show that the number of deaths caused by COPD is the third highest in single disease^[3,4]。 Although COPD mortality has declined since 1990, hospitalization rates for COPD have continued to rise over the past decade. Measuring disease burden by disability-adjusted life-years shows that the overall disease burden of COPD ranks third among all acute and chronic diseases^[4]。 Accordingly, COPD in China has the characteristics of high prevalence rate, high disability rate, high mortality rate and high disease burden. Its harm ranks first among chronic respiratory diseases, and it has become a serious medical care and public health problem that endangers public health. Early diagnosis and standardized management of COPD are crucial to the effective prevention and control of COPD.

A large-scale cohort study showed that people who were underweight in middle age had an increased risk of developing dementia, while being overweight and even obese became a protective factor in reducing the risk of dementia.

A study of diabetes prevention found that every additional hour of television watching a day increased the risk of diabetes by 3.4%. The study, published in the journal Diabetologia, followed 3 232 cases of overweight people>25 years of age who watched TV for an average of 140 minutes a day^[1]。 In the study, these subjects were randomized into lifestyle intervention, metformin, or placebo. The lifestyle intervention included a healthy diet (with the aim of reducing body weight by 7%) and 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week. To observe the effects of these measures on preventing or slowing the development of type 2 diabetes. A revised Activity Questionnaire was used to investigate all participants' time of activity and inactivity (including watching television or sitting at work) at the beginning of the study and at annual follow-up. The daily activity of 695 patients in the lifestyle intervention group was tracked by sensors.

Numerous cross-sectional and prospective studies have shown that the severity of carotid atherosclerosis is strongly associated with the occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction and the risk of cardiovascular events. Carotid ultrasonography is a "window" to evaluate systemic arteriosclerosis^[1]High-resolution grayscale ultrasound (B-ultrasound) can accurately measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and detect the presence or absence of plaque formation, evaluate plaque stability and grade the degree of arterial stenosis, etc. It is of great value not only for the early diagnosis and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases, but also for the assessment and prediction of cardiovascular health and cardiovascular disease risk. Numerous studies at home and abroad have confirmed that in addition to traditional risk factors, carotid IMT and plaque are effective indicators for cardiovascular disease risk assessment^[1,2,3,4,5]。 Therefore, relevant guidelines in Europe, America and China have put forward clinical carotid IMT and plaque detection methods and discrimination criteria for cardiovascular and high-risk groups^{[6,7,8,9,10,11]}。

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) refers to repeated apnea and hypopnea during sleep. Clinically, it can be manifested as snoring, and snoring is irregular, patients consciously hold their breath, or even repeatedly wake up, often accompanied by a series of symptoms such as increased nocturia, headache in the morning, dizziness and dry oropharynx. Due to the repeated wake and wake response of cerebral cortex at night, normal sleep structure and rhythm are disrupted, sleep efficiency is significantly reduced, sleepiness occurs during the day, memory decreases, cognitive function decreases and behavior abnormalities occur in severe cases. Recurrent apnea and hypopnea at night cause chronic intermittent hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention, increased sympathetic excitability, enhanced systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress response, and insufficient antioxidant capacity, thus causing or aggravating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, especially type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. At present, OSAHS is generally believed to be a systemic disease and an important cause of sudden death and road traffic accidents, so it is a serious social problem. At present, the prevalence of OSAHS in China is about 4%, and the actual prevalence may be higher. With the increasing number of overweight and obese people, the prevalence of this disease will increase accordingly.

In the past, it was said that vitamin C could prevent colds, but there is no definite evidence of the exact effect. There is also a legend that vitamin C can help prevent cancer, but there is no definite conclusion about the specific effect. On the contrary, there is evidence that taking vitamin C once you suffer from cancer is harmful, because tumor cells love vitamin C very much, and they will swallow it as candy. Therefore, taking excessive vitamin C after suffering from cancer becomes feeding nutritious cancer cells, encouraging the overgrowth of cancer cells, but helping the tyrant.

With the progress of society and the improvement of living standards, people's consciousness of self-health care gradually increases, and their thirst for health becomes stronger. They pay more attention to monitoring their physical health and disease hidden dangers through health examination, reducing potential health risk factors and improving their quality of life. The traditional physical examination of "focusing on disease examination and neglecting intervention" has been unable to meet people's increasing health needs. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the current situation of health management of medical staff in physical examination.

Hospital health education (also referred to as clinical health education or patient health education) refers to medical staff taking the hospital as the health education base, through systematic education activities, special people in disease state and their families to carry out disease prevention, rehabilitation and related medical care and self-care knowledge education, so that their behavior to promote rehabilitation and benefit health direction^[1]。 As a part of holistic nursing, hospital health education runs through every stage from admission to discharge, and has become the main index to test the effect of holistic nursing and evaluate the quality of holistic nursing^[2]。 The main contents include outpatient and inpatient health education, and inpatient education includes admission education, ward education, discharge education and follow-up education. This article mainly summarizes the research progress of health education for hospitalized patients, aiming to provide reference for clinical health education and further understand the significance of health education.

Health management is a comprehensive and emerging discipline. The service process requires the participation of medical staff from multiple disciplines. There are many links, and the medical quality is difficult to control. In addition, the inherent motivation of many medical institutions for profit, there are only inspections without management, major inspections, random inspections and other phenomena. In August 2009, the Ministry of Health issued the "Interim Regulations on the Administration of Health Examination"^[1]"Catalog of Health Examination Items"^[2], and "Circular on the Regulation of the Application of Radiological Examination Techniques in Health Examinations"^[3]。 On January 21, 2012, Guangdong Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Establishing a Medical Quality Control Center for Health Management Specialty"^[4]Established a provincial health management medical quality control center. As there is no ready-made model for health management and medical quality control, the Health Management Department of Southern Hospital, as the responsible unit of the center, has been committed to quality control research in recent years. The quality control effect is reported as follows.

In recent years, with the progress of society and the continuous improvement of living standard, overweight and obesity are on the rise. From 2002 to 2010, the overweight rate increased from 22.8% to 30.6%, and the obesity rate increased from 7.1% to 12.0%^[1,2]。 Relevant studies have shown that the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes have clustered in overweight and obese people^[3]。 This paper will investigate the correlation between BMI and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases affecting human health, which is characterized by high harm and high recurrence. There are about 350 million people with depression worldwide, and about 1 million people die by suicide every year^[1]。 The clinical manifestations of depression are a series of symptom clusters, which vary between patients. Due to the existence of stigma or lack of understanding of diseases, many patients can't see a doctor in time, or are misdiagnosed and missed. Comprehensive understanding of depression helps in early detection, correct identification, early treatment, and improved outcomes. This article introduces depression from the definition of depressive episodes, common symptom groups and their clinical manifestations, and clinical diagnostic criteria.

The purpose of health management is to invest optimal resources to obtain maximum health benefits. In the process of practical operation: health examination is the premise, health assessment is the means, health intervention is the key, and health promotion is the purpose. Therefore, health management is a whole person, whole process and all-round health service with human health as the center, continuous, repeated and spiraling up^[1]。 In the process of health management, the management of lifestyle is the basic method throughout. For healthy people and people at high risk of chronic diseases, the management of lifestyle intervention is advocated as the only method; For patients with early and/or mild disease, it is advocated that lifestyle interventions should be used to improve the health status of patients first, and the management of lifestyle should not be relaxed even after drug treatment^[2]。 Nutrition intervention and exercise intervention are the two most important links in lifestyle management, which is what we usually call "keep your mouth well" and "open your legs".